Review on water disaster prevention of tunnels

Water disaster in tunnel engineering is a persistent problem in tunnel field. To address this issue, this paper summarizes the literature of water disaster prevention in tunnel engineering, defines the problem of water disaster in tunnel engineering, analyzes basic characteristics and constituent elements of the water disaster system, discusses the formation mechanism, materials, concept and technology of water disaster, and looks forward to the future development. Research has shown that the water disaster of tunnel engineering is composed of three parts: disaster source, water inrush channel and waterproof rock structure. Now, the water disaster mechanism is unclear, which makes it difficult to achieve active prevention of disasters. All kinds of water disaster prevention materials have advantages and disadvantages. Among them, non-water reacted polymer grouting materials have achieved remarkable results in the sealing of tunnel leakage and water inrush, but it still needs to be further studied in the multi-scale interaction mechanism with rock and soil, the diffusion law under the condition of multi field coupling, and the development of modified polymers with special properties. The accuracy of single advanced geological prediction technology is low. In the future, the research on the theory and equipment of tunnel comprehensive advanced geological prediction technology based on joint parameter inversion should be strengthened. Key issues such as anti-dispersion ability of grouting materials under high temperature and high-pressure dynamic water environment, time-space characteristics of slurry viscosity, interaction between slurry and water, and supporting process equipment still need to be further studied. Comprehensive detection technology of tunnel leakage based on AI, 5G, Internet of things and big data analysis needs to be developed. Three future development directions are proposed, including the concept of tunnel life-cycle waterproofing, the tunnel multi disaster collaborative prevention system, and the theory and practice of resilient tunnel.