Reaction principles, deposition and failure mechanisms and theories of biomineralization: progress and challenges

LIU Hanlong; ZHAO Chang; XIAO Yang

doi:10.11779/CJGE20230004

Volume 46 Issue 7

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Abstract

References

Supplements

Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering > 2024 > 46(7): 1347-1358. > DOI: 10.11779/CJGE20230004

LIU Hanlong, ZHAO Chang, XIAO Yang. Reaction principles, deposition and failure mechanisms and theories of biomineralization: progress and challenges[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2024, 46(7): 1347-1358. DOI: 10.11779/CJGE20230004

Citation:

PDF (3794 KB)

Reaction principles, deposition and failure mechanisms and theories of biomineralization: progress and challenges

LIU Hanlong^{1, 2,},
ZHAO Chang¹,
XIAO Yang^{1, 2, ,}

1.
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
2.
Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China

More Information

Received Date: January 02, 2023
Available Online: June 05, 2023

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

The biomineralization is an integral part of geological evolution and carbon-nitrogen cycle, and it has brought new opportunities and challenges in the geotechnical, water conservancy and environmental fields. The inspired bio-geotechnical technology represented by the MICP process has become one of the most innovative technological topics in the environmental geotechnical engineering. In the last two decades, the bio-geotechnical technology has made significant progress from the proof-of-concept phase to the technology demonstration in the relevant environments. In order to promote more comprehensive and in-depth basic understanding and researches on this topic, a systematic review of the MICP technology is performed, focusing on the following three parts: biochemical principles of urease-producing bacteria-induced biomineralization, precipitation patterns and failure mechanisms of bio-cemented soil, and theories of biomineralization reaction under the multi-physics coupling effects of bio-chemo-hydro-mechanical model. Furthermore, the current problems and challenges of bio-geotechnical technology are summarized, and the potential research hot spots and application prospects are discussed.
- biomineralization,
- nucleation and crystallization,
- precipitation pattern,
- bonding breakage,
- multi-physics coupling

FullText(HTML)

References (80)

References

[1]	BUI M, ADJIMAN C S, BARDOW A, et al. Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2018, 11(5): 1062-1176.
[2]	XIAO Y, HE X, ZAMAN M, et al. Review of strength improvements of biocemented soils[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2022, 22(11): 03122001. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002565
[3]	MA G, HE X, JIANG X, et al. Strength and permeability of bentonite-assisted biocemented coarse sand[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2021, 58(7): 969-981. doi: 10.1139/cgj-2020-0045
[4]	WU C, CHU J, WU S, et al. Quantifying the permeability reduction of biogrouted rock fracture[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2019, 52(3): 947-954. doi: 10.1007/s00603-018-1669-9
[5]	TOBLER D J, MINTO J M, EL MOUNTASSIR G, et al. Microscale analysis of fractured rock sealed with microbially induced CaCO₃ precipitation: influence on hydraulic and mechanical performance[J]. Water Resources Research, 2018, 54(10): 8295-8308. doi: 10.1029/2018WR023032
[6]	SONG M, JU T, MENG Y, et al. A review on the applications of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in solid waste treatment and soil remediation[J]. Chemosphere, 2022, 290: 133229. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133229
[7]	WANG Y, SOGA K, DEJONG J T, et al. A microfluidic chip and its use in characterising the particle-scale behaviour of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP)[J]. Géotechnique, 2019, 69(12): 1086-1094. doi: 10.1680/jgeot.18.P.031
[8]	何想, 马国梁, 汪杨, 等. 基于微流控芯片技术的微生物加固可视化研究[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2020, 42(6): 1005-1012. doi: 10.11779/CJGE202006003 HE Xiang, MA Guoliang, WANG Yang, et al. Visualization investigation of bio-cementation process based on microfluidics[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2020, 42(6): 1005-1012. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202006003
[9]	XIAO Y, HE X, EVANS T M, et al. Unconfined compressive and splitting tensile strength of basalt fiber–reinforced biocemented sand[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2019, 145(9): 04019048. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002108
[10]	马国梁, 何想, 路桦铭, 等. 高岭土微粒固载成核微生物固化粗砂强度[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2021, 43(2): 290-299. doi: 10.11779/CJGE202102009 MA Guoliang, HE Xiang, LU Huaming, et al. Strength of biocemented coarse sand with Kaolin micro-particle improved nucleation[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2021, 43(2): 290-299. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202102009
[11]	NASSAR M K, GURUNG D, BASTANI M, et al. Large-scale experiments in microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP): Reactive transport model development and prediction[J]. Water Resources Research, 2018, 54(1): 480-500. doi: 10.1002/2017WR021488
[12]	ZENG C, VEENIS Y, HALL C A, et al. Experimental and numerical analysis of a field trial application of microbially induced calcite precipitation for ground stabilization[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2021, 147(7): 05021003. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002545
[13]	BACHMEIER K L, WILLIAMS A E, WARMINGTON J R, et al. Urease activity in microbiologically-induced calcite precipitation[J]. J Biotechnol, 2002, 93(2): 171-181. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00393-5
[14]	MARTIN D, DODDS K, NGWENYA B T, et al. Inhibition of Sporosarcina pasteurii under anoxic conditions: implications for subsurface carbonate precipitation and remediation via ureolysis[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2012, 46(15): 8351-8355. doi: 10.1021/es3015875
[15]	BLAKELEY ROBERT L, BURT Z. Jack bean urease: the first nickel enzyme[J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 1984, 23(2/3): 263-292.
[16]	刘汉龙, 肖鹏, 肖杨, 等. 微生物岩土技术及其应用研究新进展[J]. 土木与环境工程学报(中英文), 2019(1): 1-14. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JIAN201901001.htm LIU Hanlong, XIAO Peng, XIAO Yang, et al. State-of-the-art review of biogeotechnology and its engineering applications[J]. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2019(1): 1-14. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JIAN201901001.htm
[17]	WHIFFIN V S. Microbial CaCO₃ precipitation for the production of biocement[D]. Perth West Australia: Morduch University, 2004.
[18]	PAASSEN L van. Biogrout ground improvement by microbially induced carbonate precipitation[D]. Rijswijk Netherland: Delft University of Technology, 2009.
[19]	HAMMES F, VERSTRAETE W. Key roles of pH and calcium metabolism in microbial carbonate precipitation[J]. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 2002, 1(1): 3-7. doi: 10.1023/A:1015135629155
[20]	MARVASI M, VISSCHER P T, PERITO B, et al. Physiological requirements for carbonate precipitation during biofilm development of Bacillus subtilis etfA mutant[J]. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2010, 71(3): 341-350. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00805.x
[21]	MITCHELL A C, FERRIS F G. The influence of Bacillus pasteuriion the nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate[J]. Geomicrobiology Journal, 2006, 23(3/4): 213-226.
[22]	ZHANG W, JU Y, ZONG Y, et al. In situ real-time study on dynamics of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation at a single-cell level[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2018, 52(16): 9266-9276. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02660
[23]	RUI Y, QIAN C. Characteristics of different bacteria and their induced biominerals[J]. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2022, 115: 449-465. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.032
[24]	NIU Y-Q, LIU J-H, AYMONIER C, et al. Calcium carbonate: controlled synthesis, surface functionalization, and nanostructured materials[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022, 51(18): 7883-7943. doi: 10.1039/D1CS00519G
[25]	CHEN Y Q, WANG S Q, TONG X Y, et al. Crystal transformation and self-assembly theory of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation[J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2022, 106(9/10): 3555-3569.
[26]	WANG Y, SOGA K, DEJONG J T, et al. Effects of bacterial density on growth rate and characteristics of microbial-induced CaCO₃ precipitates: Particle-scale experimental study[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2021, 147(6): 04021036. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002509
[27]	WANG Y, SOGA K, DEJONG J T, et al. Microscale visualization of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation processes[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2019, 145(9): 04019045. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002079
[28]	ZEHNER J, RØYNE A, WENTZEL A, et al. Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation: an experimental toolbox for in situ and real time investigation of micro-scale pH evolution[J]. RSC Advances, 2020, 10(35): 20485-20493. doi: 10.1039/D0RA03897K
[29]	何想, 刘汉龙, 韩飞, 等. 微生物矿化沉积时空演化的微流控芯片试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2021, 43(10): 1861-1869. doi: 10.11779/CJGE202110012 HE Xiang, LIU Hanlong, HAN Fei, et al. Spatiotemporal evolution of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation based on microfluidics[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2021, 43(10): 1861-1869. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202110012
[30]	XIAO Y, HE X, WU W, et al. Kinetic biomineralization through microfluidic chip tests[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2021, 16(10): 3229-3237. doi: 10.1007/s11440-021-01205-w
[31]	ZHU X, WANG K, YAN H, et al. Microfluidics as an emerging platform for exploring soil environmental processes: a critical review[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2022, 56(2): 711-731. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03899
[32]	WEINHARDT F, CLASS H, VAHID DASTJERDI S, et al. Experimental methods and imaging for enzymatically induced calcite precipitation in a microfluidic cell[J]. Water Resources Research, 2021, 57(3): e2020WR029361. doi: 10.1029/2020WR029361
[33]	WEINHARDT F, DENG J, HOMMEL J, et al. Spatiotemporal distribution of precipitates and mineral phase transition during biomineralization affect porosity-permeability relationships[J]. Transport in Porous Media, 2022, 143(2): 527-549. doi: 10.1007/s11242-022-01782-8
[34]	XIAO Y, HE X, STUEDLEIN A W, et al. Crystal growth of MICP through microfluidic chip tests[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2022, 148(5): 06022002. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002756
[35]	ELMALOGLOU A, TERZIS D, DE ANNA P, et al. Microfluidic study in a meter-long reactive path reveals how the medium's structural heterogeneity shapes MICP-induced biocementation[J]. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 19553. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24124-6
[36]	DEJONG J T, MORTENSEN B M, MARTINEZ B C, et al. Bio-mediated soil improvement[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2010, 36(2): 197-210. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.029
[37]	DADDA A, GEINDREAU C, EMERIAULT F, et al. Characterization of contact properties in biocemented sand using 3D X-ray micro-tomography[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2019, 14(3): 597-613. doi: 10.1007/s11440-018-0744-4
[38]	YANG Y, CHU J, LIU H, et al. Improvement of uniformity of biocemented sand column using CH3COOH-buffered one-phase-low-pH injection method[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2023, 18(1): 413-428. doi: 10.1007/s11440-022-01576-8
[39]	何稼, 楚剑, 刘汉龙, 等. 微生物岩土技术的研究进展[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2016, 38(4): 643-653. doi: 10.11779/CJGE201604008 HE Jia, CHU Jian, LIU Hanlong, et al. Research advances in biogeotechnologies[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2016, 38(4): 643-653. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE201604008
[40]	ERYÜRÜK K. Effect of cell density on decrease in hydraulic conductivity by microbial calcite precipitation[J]. AMB Express, 2022, 12(1): 104. doi: 10.1186/s13568-022-01448-0
[41]	WU C, CHU J, WU S, et al. 3D characterization of microbially induced carbonate precipitation in rock fracture and the resulted permeability reduction[J]. Engineering Geology, 2019, 249: 23-30. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.12.017
[42]	MOUNTASSIR G E, LUNN R J, MOIR H, et al. Hydrodynamic coupling in microbially mediated fracture mineralization: Formation of self-organized groundwater flow channels[J]. Water Resources Research, 2014, 50(1): 1-16. doi: 10.1002/2013WR013578
[43]	MINTO J M, HINGERL F F, BENSON S M, et al. X-ray CT and multiphase flow characterization of a 'bio-grouted' sandstone core: The effect of dissolution on seal longevity[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2017, 64: 152-162. doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.07.007
[44]	XIAO Y, CHEN H, STUEDLEIN A W, et al. Restraint of particle breakage by biotreatment method[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2020, 146(11): 04020123. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002384
[45]	XIAO Y, ZHAO C, SUN Y, et al. Compression behavior of MICP-treated sand with various gradations[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2021, 16(5): 1391-1400. doi: 10.1007/s11440-020-01116-2
[46]	MA G, XIAO Y, FAN W, et al. Mechanical properties of biocement formed by microbially induced carbonate precipitation[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2022, 17(11): 4905-4919. doi: 10.1007/s11440-022-01584-8
[47]	GAO K, LIN H, SULEIMAN M T, et al. Shear and tensile strength measurements of CaCO₃ cemented bonds between glass beads treated by microbially induced carbonate precipitation[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2023, 149(1): 04022117. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002927
[48]	DEJONG J T, FRITZGES M B, NÜSSLEIN K. Microbially induced cementation to control sand response to undrained shear[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2006, 132(11): 1381-1392. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1381)
[49]	YIN J, WU J-X, ZHANG K, et al. Comparison between MICP-based bio-cementation versus traditional portland cementation for oil-contaminated soil stabilisation[J]. Sustainability, 2023, 15(1): 434.
[50]	TAGLIAFERRI F, WALLER J, ANDÒ E, et al. Observing strain localisation processes in bio-cemented sand using X-ray imaging[J]. Granular Matter, 2011, 13(3): 247-250. doi: 10.1007/s10035-011-0257-4
[51]	O'DONNELL S T, KAVAZANJIAN E. Stiffness and dilatancy improvements in uncemented sands treated through MICP[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2015, 141(11): 2815004. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001407
[52]	崔昊, 肖杨, 孙增春, 等. 微生物加固砂土弹塑性本构模型[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2022, 44(3): 474-482. doi: 10.11779/CJGE202203009 CUI Hao, XIAO Yang, SUN Zengchun, et al. Elastoplastic constitutive model for biocemented sands[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2022, 44(3): 474-482. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202203009
[53]	XIAO P, LIU H, XIAO Y, et al. Liquefaction resistance of bio-cemented calcareous sand[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2018, 107: 9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.01.008
[54]	XIAO P, LIU H, STUEDLEIN A W, et al. Effect of relative density and biocementation on cyclic response of calcareous sand[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2019, 56(12): 1849-1862. doi: 10.1139/cgj-2018-0573
[55]	肖鹏, 刘汉龙, 张宇, 等. 微生物温控加固钙质砂动强度特性研究[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2021, 43(3): 511-519. doi: 10.11779/CJGE202103014 XIAO Peng, LIU Hanlong, ZHANG Yu, et al. Dynamic strength of temperature-controlled MICP-treated calcareous sand[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2021, 43(3): 511-519. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202103014
[56]	ZAMANI A, MONTOYA B M. Undrained cyclic response of silty sands improved by microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2019, 120: 436-448. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.01.010
[57]	RIVEROS G A, SADREKARIMI A. Liquefaction resistance of Fraser River sand improved by a microbially-induced cementation[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2020, 131: 106034. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106034
[58]	MINTO J M, LUNN R J, EL MOUNTASSIR G. Development of a reactive transport model for field-scale simulation of microbially induced carbonate precipitation[J]. Water Resources Research, 2019, 55(8): 7229-7245. doi: 10.1029/2019WR025153
[59]	ZHONG H, LIU G, JIANG Y, et al. Transport of bacteria in porous media and its enhancement by surfactants for bioaugmentation: a review[J]. Biotechnol Adv, 2017, 35(4): 490-504. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.009
[60]	EBIGBO A, PHILLIPS A, GERLACH R, et al. Darcy-scale modeling of microbially induced carbonate mineral precipitation in sand columns[J]. Water Resources Research, 2012, 48(7): W07519.
[61]	赵常, 何想, 胡冉, 等. 微生物矿化动力学理论与模拟[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2022, 44(6): 1096-1105, I0006. doi: 10.11779/CJGE202206014 ZHAO Chang, HE Xiang, HU Ran, et al. Kinetic theory and numerical simulation of biomineralization[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2022, 44(6): 1096-1105, I0006. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11779/CJGE202206014
[62]	QIN C, HASSANIZADEH S M, EBIGBO A. Pore-scale network modeling of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation: Insight into scale dependence of biogeochemical reaction rates[J]. Water Resources Research, 2016, 52(11): 8794-8810. doi: 10.1002/2016WR019128
[63]	FUJITA Y, TAYLOR J L, GRESHAM T L, et al. Stimulation of microbial urea hydrolysis in groundwater to enhance calcite precipitation[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2008, 42(8): 3025-3032. doi: 10.1021/es702643g
[64]	MFidaleo, Rlavecchia. Kinetic study of enzymatic urea hydrolysis in the pH range 4-9[J]. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly, 2003, 17(4): 311-318.
[65]	LAUCHNOR E G, TOPP D M, PARKER A E, et al. Whole cell kinetics of ureolysis by sporosarcina pasteurii[J]. J Appl Microbiol, 2015, 118(6): 1321-1332. doi: 10.1111/jam.12804
[66]	WANG X, NACKENHORST U. A coupled bio-chemo-hydraulic model to predict porosity and permeability reduction during microbially induced calcite precipitation[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2020, 140: 103563. doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103563
[67]	NISHIMURA I, MATSUBARA H. Coupling simulation of microbially induced carbonate precipitation and bacterial growth using reaction-diffusion and homogenisation systems[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2021, 16(5): 1-16.
[68]	FAURIEL S, LALOUI L. A bio-chemo-hydro-mechanical model for microbially induced calcite precipitation in soils[J]. Computers and Geotechnics, 2012, 46: 104-120. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.05.017
[69]	MEHRABI R, ATEFI-MONFARED K. A coupled bio-chemo-hydro-mechanical model for bio-cementation in porous media[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2022, 59(7): 1266-1280. doi: 10.1139/cgj-2021-0396
[70]	WANG X, NACKENHORST U. Micro-feature-motivated numerical analysis of the coupled bio-chemo-hydro-mechanical behaviour in MICP[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2022, 17(10): 4537-4553. doi: 10.1007/s11440-022-01544-2
[71]	SUEBSUK J, HORPIBULSUK S, LIU M D. Modified Structured Cam Clay: a generalised critical state model for destructured, naturally structured and artificially structured clays[J]. Computers and Geotechnics, 2010, 37(7): 956-968.
[72]	GAI X, SÁNCHEZ M. An elastoplastic mechanical constitutive model for microbially mediated cemented soils[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2019, 14(3): 709-726. doi: 10.1007/s11440-018-0721-y
[73]	GAJO A, CECINATO F, HUECKEL T. Chemo-mechanical modelling of cemented soils, from the microscale to the volume element[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2016, 158: 15-20. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.398
[74]	方祥位, 李晶鑫, 李捷, 等. 珊瑚砂微生物固化体三轴压缩试验及损伤本构模型研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2018, 39(增刊1): 1-8. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YTLX2018S1002.htm FANG Xiangwei, LI Jinxin, LI Jie, et al. Study of triaxial compression test and damage constitutive model of biocemented coral sand columns[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2018, 39(S1): 1-8. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YTLX2018S1002.htm
[75]	李贤. 微生物灌浆固化紫色土的水力-力学特性及其强化机理研究[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2020. LI Xian. Study on Hydraulic-Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanism of Purple Soil Solidified by Microbial Grouting[D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2020. (in Chinese)
[76]	XIAO Y, ZHANG Z, STUEDLEIN A W, et al. Liquefaction modeling for biocemented calcareous sand[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2021, 147(12): 04021149. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002666
[77]	XIN A, DU H, YU K, et al. Mechanics of bacteria-assisted extrinsic healing[J]. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2020, 139: 103938. doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2020.103938
[78]	WU H W, WU W, LIANG W J, et al. 3D DEM modeling of biocemented sand with fines as cementing agents[J]. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2023, 47: 212-240. doi: 10.1002/nag.3466
[79]	YANG P, KAVAZANJIAN E, NEITHALATH N. Particle-scale mechanisms in undrained triaxial compression of biocemented sands: Insights from 3D DEM simulations with flexible boundary[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2019, 19(4): 04019009. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001346
[80]	XIAO Y, XIAO W-T, WU H-R, et al. Fracture of interparticle MICP bonds under compression[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2023, 23(3): 04022316. doi: 10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8282