Experimental study on surface erosion resistances and mechanical behavior of MICP-FR-treated calcareous sand
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摘要: 南海岛礁是中国“一带一路”建设的重要支撑。作为岛礁工程的主要建筑材料和地基,钙质砂具有高孔隙、易破碎和强度低等不良特性,难以直接满足工程建设要求。为了改善钙质砂的力学特性,并减少极端暴雨冲刷导致的侵蚀问题,提出微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）协同纤维加筋（FR）改性技术,采用喷淋工艺,对浅表层钙质砂进行改性处理,并考虑胶结液浓度（0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 mol/L）和纤维掺量（0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%）对处理效果的影响。通过开展超微型贯入及模拟暴雨冲刷试验,结合冲刷后滤出溶液的电导率变化,对比分析了不同处理方式下钙质砂的胶结固化程度和抗侵蚀能力。研究结果表明：①MICP技术可以有效胶结钙质砂,改善其力学性质,胶结液浓度越高,试样碳酸钙含量和贯入阻力越高,2.0 mol/L固化效果最佳；②纤维的加入能显著提升MICP的固化效果,纤维掺量对微生物固化试样的力学特性有重要影响,峰值贯入阻力随纤维掺量先增加后减小,最优纤维掺量为0.2%；③经过MICP固化处理后,试样在模拟暴雨条件下表现出较好的抗雨蚀能力,侵蚀量小于未处理试样的1/7,加入纤维后胶结试样的抗侵蚀能力更佳。MICP-FR协同作用可以高效改善钙质砂的工程特性,能在岛礁建设、海岸开发过程中发挥积极作用。Abstract: The islands and reefs in South China Sea are an important support for China's "One Belt and One Road Initiative". As the main building material and foundation of construction on the islands and reefs, the calcareous sand has the bad characteristics of high porosity, easy breakage and low strength, so it is difficult to directly meet the requirements of engineering construction. In order to improve the mechanical behaviors of the calcareous sand and reduce the erosion problems caused by extreme rainstorms, an eco-friendly, cost-effective microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) synergistic fiber reinforcement (FR) modification technology is proposed. The superficial layer of the calcareous sand is modified by spraying process, and the influences of the cementing liquid concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mol/L) and the fiber contents (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4%) on the treatment effect are considered. The cementation degree and surface erosion resistance of the calcareous sand under different treatment methods are analyzed by carrying out mini-penetration tests and simulated rainstorm scouring tests combined with electrical conductivity. The results show that: (1) The MICP technology can effectively cement the calcareous sand and improve its mechanical behaviors. The higher the cementing liquid concentration, the higher the calcium carbonate content and the penetration resistance of the samples, and the curing effect with the concentration of 2.0 mol /L is the best; (2) The addition of fiber can significantly improve the cementing effect of MICP, and the fiber content has an important influence on the mechanical behaviors of the microbial solidified samples. The peak penetration resistance first increases and then decreases with the fiber content, and the optimal fiber content is 0.2%; (3) The MICP-treated samples show better erosion resistance under the simulated rainstorm condition, the erosion amount is less than 1/7 of the untreated samples, and the effect is better after adding fiber. MICP-FR synergy can effectively improve the engineering properties of the calcareous sand and play an active role in the island construction and coastal development.
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0. 引言
土的渗透特性是土重要的工程性质之一,影响着土木工程的施工。目前无黏性土渗透特性的试验研究,多是采用竖向圆柱体模型槽进行,试验中土体受到的水流的作用方向是由下至上的竖直方向,而对于土体承受水平向渗流时土体渗透特性的研究不多[1],渗流方向对土体渗流变形特性的研究还尚未给予足够重视。对土渗流的研究表明,实际施工中渗流的优势方向往往是水平方向,通常土体水平向的渗透性大于竖向,而抵抗水平向渗透破坏的能力低于抵抗竖向渗透破坏的能力[2-6]。
本文针对粉砂竖向和水平向渗透特性研究存有的不足,利用自主设计的实验装置,对粉砂开展竖向和水平向渗流试验,对比分析了两种不同方向渗流场下粉砂的渗透特性。基于室内模拟试验,建立三维离散元与计算流体力学耦合的细观力学模型,对粉砂在竖向和水平向的渗流情况进行分析和计算。通过数值计算结果,对竖向和水平向渗流作用下的粉砂内部接触力、渗流速度及流场的分布规律进行细观分析,将数值模拟与室内试验的结果进行分析、比较。
1. 不同渗流方向下粉砂渗透变形室内试验模拟
1.1 试验仪器和方法
（1）试验仪器
粉砂的竖向渗透变形试验借助实验室自主设计的圆柱形渗流试验仪进行,该装置示意图如图1所示。粉砂水平向渗流渗透变形特性的研究是在自主设计的水平渗流试验装置中进行的,见图2。模型由进水系统,装样区及排水系统3个主要部分组成。进水系统可以通过对进水水头高度的调节自由选择水头加载高度。
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图 1 圆柱形渗流试验仪示意图Figure 1. Schematic diagram of instrument for cylindrical seepage tests（2）试验方法及步骤
粉砂烘干并分层装样。称样烘干24 g取出装样,每10 cm分为一层进行装样；排气饱和。装样完成,分次提升水箱供水高度对试验土样进行饱和,最后一次使水头抬升至与试样顶端齐平,静置24 h；逐级调整水头进行试验。逐级抬升水头高度,对测压管水头高度读数并记录,同时量测渗流量大小,记录试验进程中的渗流现象,直至该级渗流稳定,转入下一级水头；当试验过程中,流量忽然增大,并出现明显的渗流通道,可以认定为试样发生渗透破坏,不再继续加大水头高度,试验完成。
1.2 粉砂竖向和水平向渗流试验结果分析
对粉砂在竖向渗流下的渗透流速受水力梯度影响下的变化规律进行研究,得到渗流速度随水力梯度变化的关系曲线,如图3所示。对粉砂在水平向渗流作用下的临界水力梯度进行研究,结果如图4所示。
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图 3 竖向渗流下渗流速度随水力梯度变化曲线Figure 3. Relationship between seepage velocity and vertical hydraulic gradient![]()
图 4 水平向渗流下渗流速度随水力梯度变化曲线Figure 4. Relationship between seepage velocity and critical hydraulic gradient由图3得到,在水力梯度
i <0.787时,渗流速度随水力梯度呈近似线性的变化,此时土样处于渗流稳定阶段；当水力梯度为1.1时,渗流速度忽然增大,粉砂颗粒流失量也徒增,此时土体发生渗透变形。图4粉砂在水平向渗流下的变化规律显示：水力梯度小于0.45时,粉砂土渗透流速随着水力梯度的增大呈线性增长,水流清澈,粉砂流出较少。当水力梯度增至0.52时,试样整体的流速瞬间增大,粉砂流出量明显增多且呈持续流失状态,此时粉砂土样内部颗粒运移不再规律,试样开始发生渗透破坏。表1给出粉砂在两种渗流方向下的渗透系数、临界坡降与破坏坡降。粉砂在竖向渗流时的临界水力梯度为0.787,破坏水力梯度为1.10；而水平向渗流中,所能承受的临界水力梯度为0.45。在影响因素诸如种类、级配、密度、孔隙大小等相同的前提下,粉砂竖向渗流的临界水力梯度比水平向高出近44%。由于土体在受到水平向渗流时,平均渗透系数取决于最透水土层的厚度和渗透性；而对于竖向渗流,其平均渗透系数取决于最不透水土层的渗透性。加之,竖向渗流中重力作用与渗流方向一致,会产生对土层的压密作用,使得该渗流方向下的渗透系数小于水平向,而土体能够承受的水头高于水平向的渗流。
表 1 不同渗流方向下粉砂渗透系数、临界坡降和破坏坡降Table 1. Datat of permeability coeffieient of silt, critical slope and failure slope under different seepage directions渗流方向 渗透系数/(10-4 cm·s-1) 临界水力梯度 破坏水力梯度 竖向 6.13 0.787 1.10 水平 6.25 0.450 0.52 2. 不同渗流方向下粉砂渗透变形颗粒流模拟
对于固相颗粒,通过求解运动和动量方程模拟颗粒运动,采用离散元的颗粒流理论进行模拟；对于液相介质,采用均一化流体计算技术模拟其在孔隙中的运动,也就是通过求解平均Navier-Stokes方程模拟孔隙中流体的运动[7-9]。
2.1 数值模型
对粉砂土不同向渗流形态的模拟中,边界条件的界定也略有不同。竖向渗流下,颗粒周边的边界为固壁边界条件,上下为压力边界条件。水平向渗流下,模型的前后和上下边界为固壁边界条件,左右设置为压力边界条件和自由边界条件。生成的土体模型如图5所示。
对于竖向的渗流,按照试验中模型,上覆为自由边界,没有压重。对于水平向的渗流,试样在重力和浮力作用下保持平衡,当作用渗流力后,土中小颗粒将从模型右侧流出,因此在试样右侧设置了相互交叉垂直的线墙,如图6所示。
2.2 数值计算流程
采用PFC3D对流固耦合问题进行计算流程如图7所示。
2.3 数值模拟结果
（1）粉砂土竖向和水平向渗流下渗透变形情况
a）粉砂竖向渗流下的渗透变形情况
图8给出了粉砂在竖向渗流作用下,土样随水力梯度的变化情况。
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图 8 竖向渗流下粉砂土随水力梯度变化情况Figure 8. Variation of silty sand with gradient under vertical seepage水力梯度从0.1,0.2,0.3,...,逐级增加,水力梯度施加至0.7时,粉砂几乎无变化；当水力梯度增至0.8时,土样出现从底部被整体抬升的趋势,发生少量细小颗粒流失的现象；水力梯度继续增至1.0时,土体发生了整体的抬升,土体表面颗粒簇发生整体迁移的现象。模拟结果表明,试样的临界水力梯度在0.8左右。
b）粉砂水平向渗流下的渗透变形情况
粉砂土的水平向渗流中水力梯度也是由0.1,0.2,0.3依次逐级抬升,图9给出了粉砂土在水平向渗流下试样随水力梯度变化的情况。
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图 9 水平向渗流下粉砂土随水力梯度变化情况Figure 9. Variation of silt with gradient under horizontal seepage从图9中可以看出,当水力梯度增至0.3时,试样底部细小颗粒也开始发生迁移,水力梯度继续增大至0.4,此时试样发生颗粒成团的流失,土体发生了渗透变形。水力梯度加载至0.5时,土体颗粒发生了更加显著的整体性渗流破坏。根据模拟结果,得到粉砂土水平向渗流的临界水力梯度在0.4左右。
（2）粉砂土竖向和水平向渗流下配位数变化情况分析
土体的配位数表示了颗粒间的接触数,是表达土颗粒间接触情况的参数之一,总配位数是颗粒与颗粒之间以及颗粒与墙之间的平均接触数,反映出试样的压密程度；力学配位数为颗粒与颗粒之间接触数大于2时的颗粒接触数,反映额土骨架的压密程度。图10,11给出了粉砂土在竖向和水平向渗流作用下,配位数随水力梯度的变化情况。
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图 10 竖向渗流下粉砂配位数随水力梯度变化Figure 10. Variation of coordination number with gradient under vertical seepage![]()
图 11 水平向渗流粉砂配位数随水力梯度变化Figure 11. Variation of coordination number with gradient under horizontal seepage图10,11可以看出,当竖向渗流的水力梯度为0.8,水平向渗流水力梯度为0.4时,土体的两个配位数都发生迅速的下降,说明此时的土体状态发生了较大的变化,即渗透变形发生。图中,总配位数和力学配位数都在随着水力梯度的增大而不断降低,总的配位数较力学配位数下降更快速,幅度也更大。这是由于水力梯度增大,颗粒发生了移动,颗粒的接触数减小,但在水力梯度增加至土体渗透变形前的整个过程中,总配位数下降幅度明显大于力学配位数,说明发生移动的多为小颗粒,小颗粒的运移使土体中接触数减少,随之小颗粒填充至骨架颗粒孔隙间,与大颗粒发生接触,保持了力学配位数的大小。
3. 结论
（1）粉砂在水平向能承受的渗流破坏作用一般低于竖向渗流。
（2）数值模拟结果与模拟试验过程中粉砂的渗流变化过程相符,数值方法所测得的临界水力梯度与试验测得的结果亦较为吻合。
（3）竖向和水平向渗流下,粉砂的总配位数和力学配位数均随着水力梯度的抬升而衰减,当土体发生渗透破坏,土体配位数出现迅速降低。
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图 5 不同纤维掺量试样对应的碳酸钙含量
Figure 5. Calcium carbonate contents of samples with different fiber contents
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图 6 不同胶结液浓度试样对应的碳酸钙含量
Figure 6. Calcium carbonate contents of samples with different cementation concentrations
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图 7 不同胶结液浓度对应的贯入曲线
Figure 7. Penetration curves corresponding to different cementing liquid concentrations
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图 8 不同胶结液浓度对应的峰值贯入强度
Figure 8. Peak penetration strengths corresponding to different cementation concentrations
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图 9 不同纤维掺量试样对应的贯入曲线
Figure 9. Penetration curves of samples with different fiber contents
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图 10 不同纤维掺量试样对应的峰值贯入阻力
Figure 10. Peak penetration resistances of samples with different fiber contents
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图 11 不同试样每分钟固体累积流失量
Figure 11. Cumulative solid losses per minute for different samples
表 1 聚丙烯纤维的物理力学参数
Table 1 Basic physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber
类型 密度ρ/(g·m-³) 直径d/mm 抗拉强度/MPa 弹性模量/MPa 熔点/℃ 燃点/℃ 束装单丝 0.91 0.02~0.048 ≥350 ≥3500 165 590 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 试验分组及参数设置
Table 2 Test grouping and parameter setting
试样分组 试样编号 纤维掺量/% 胶结液浓度/(mol·L-1) 对照样 S0 0.0 0.5 A组 S1 0.1 0.5 S2 0.2 0.5 S3 0.3 0.5 S4 0.4 0.5 B组 S5 0.0 0.5 S6 0.0 1.0 S7 0.0 1.5 S8 0.0 2.0
下载: 导出CSV
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